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  1. Research Research
  2. The Relevance of ‘Participatory Discrepancies’ for the Perception of ‘Groove’ in Jazz and Funk Music The Relevance of ‘Participatory Discrepancies’ for the Perception of ‘Groove’ in Jazz and Funk Music

The Relevance of ‘Participatory Discrepancies’ for the Perception of ‘Groove’ in Jazz and Funk Music

In many beat-oriented musical genres groove is a powerful, positively connoted concept. It refers to those musical qualities, which make people engage emotionally with the music, move their bodies to the rhythm, and participate in a shared musical experience.

Brief information

School:

Music

Status:

Completed

Period:

01.01.2014 - 31.12.2014

Overview

Past research proposed a couple of explanations for the groove phenomenon. Ethnomusicologist Charles Keil (1987) hypothesized that timing asynchronies on a millisecond level, and small discrepancies in dynamics, pitch or timbre (= Participatory Discrepancies or PDs) are responsible for causing the groove. Laurence Zbikowski (2004) on the other hand described repetitive, multi-layered patterns on a macro level (multi-bar units) as relevant for creating groove. Mark Doffman (2008) integrated Keil’s and Zbikowski’s approaches by considering both PD patterns and macro-structures in his analysis of three jazz performances.

In a recent empirical study, Matthew Butterfield (2010) challenged Keil’s claim that temporal PDs are relevant for the generation of groove. Butterfield tested for the salience of temporal PDs in perception. Since the participants of his study barely recognized PDs above chance level, he concluded that PDs are of minor relevance for producing groove. The design of Butterfield’s study, however, raises some concern: he tested the cognitive time discrimination skills of the participants; he did not measure the impact of PDs on the emotions and body motion behaviour of participants. Hence, Butterfield’s dismissal of the PDs as irrelevant for the groove experience appears to be premature.

The proposed project aims to clarify how temporal PDs influence the experience of groove in listeners of recorded jazz and funk examples. The empirical data will be collected in the course of two listening tests with 80 participants each. The stimuli will be derived from expert duo (bass and drums) performances by extensive audio editing. The emotional impact of the stimuli will be measured with the SAM (Self-Assessment-Manikin) method and with a newly developed method, called EAG (Emotional Assessment of Grooviness). The influence of the stimuli on the physical behaviour of the participants (such as finger or foot tapping or head bobbing) will be measured with video-based motion capture technology and surface electromyography (EMG).

The project pools the competences of the Music Performance Study Group at Hochschule Luzern (music performance, audio recording, audio editing and analysis) and of the Institute for Musicology and Music Pedagogy at Giessen University (empirical methods in music psychology and medical science, statistical analysis).

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Facts

Type of project

Forschung

Internal organisations involved
  • Forschungsschwerpunkt Performance
External project partner
  • Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen
External project funder
  • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Funding
  • SNF-HSLU als Hauptgesuchsteller/in
  • Forschungsfinanzierung allgemein
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Persons involved: internal

Project manager
  • Olivier Senn
Member of project team
  • Lorenz Kilchenmann
  • Marcel Vonesch
  • Wolfgang Zwiauer
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Persons involved: external

External project manager
  • Claudia Bullerjahn
External member of project team
  • Richard von Georgi

Publications

  • Article, review; peer reviewed (2)

    • Senn, Olivier; Kilchenmann, Lorenz; von Georgi, Richard & Bullerjahn, Claudia (2016). The Effect of Expert Performance Microtiming on Listeners’ Experience of Groove in Swing or Funk Music. Frontiers in Psychology / Performance Science, 7(1487), 1-16. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01487

    • Kilchenmann, Lorenz & Senn, Olivier (2015). Microtiming in Swing and Funk affects the body movement behavior of music expert listeners. Frontiers in Psychology / Performance Science, 6, 1-14. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01232

  • Chapter/legal commentary/lexicon article (1)

    • Kilchenmann, Lorenz & Senn, Olivier (2011). The Secret Ingredient: State of Affairs and Future Directions in Groove Studies. In Antonio Baldassarre (Hrsg.), Musik, Raum, Akkord, Bild: Festschrift zum 65. Geburtstag von Dorothea Baumann (S. 799-810). Bern: Lang.

  • Presentation (conference/report/lectures) (1)

    • Senn, Olivier & Kilchenmann, Lorenz (17.08.2015). The effect of microtiming on body movement behavior when listening to swing or funk music. ESCOM 2015, Manchester.

Brief information

School:

Music

Status:

Completed

Period:

01/01/2014 - 12/31/2014

Project Head

Prof. Dr. Olivier Senn

Lecturer in Research

+41 41 249 26 40

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